“Great Again”– But at Whose Expense

A red “Make America Great Again” cap resting on a table, symbolizing American campaign rhetoric.
The iconic MAGA cap: for some a promise of renewal, for others a symbol of structural power. Image credit: Natilyn Hicks Photography (Unsplash)

The grand pro­mi­se Donald Trump made during his elec­tion cam­paign with “Make America Great Again” now echo­es through recent glo­bal deve­lo­p­ments. Moreover, many count­ries facing poli­ti­cal or eco­no­mic turm­oil pro­ject onto this cam­paign slo­gan a hope for jus­ti­ce or even a new inter­na­tio­nal order. Yet when a sta­te con­trols the levers on which others depend—data flows, resour­ce rou­tes, and glo­bal narratives—it gains a form of power that goes far bey­ond sym­bo­lism. Consequently, “gre­at again” beco­mes not a pro­mi­se of moral rene­wal but a cla­im to power that ine­vi­ta­b­ly comes at the expen­se of others. In this logic, “gre­at” sim­ply means power.

Control Over Data 

The digi­tal infra­struc­tu­re of the world is lar­ge­ly American, and this mat­ters. Platforms, cloud sys­tems, AI stan­dards, com­mu­ni­ca­ti­on net­works, and finan­cial data flows con­cen­tra­te in the hands of a few U.S. cor­po­ra­ti­ons who­se tech­no­lo­gies crea­te glo­bal depen­den­ci­es. Because this sys­tem has no bor­ders and no flags, it ope­ra­tes through pro­to­cols, ser­vers, algo­rith­ms, and con­tracts. As a result, whoe­ver con­trols this infra­struc­tu­re also con­trols the decision‑making space of other states.

In ear­lier geo­po­li­ti­cal eras, gre­at powers nee­ded phy­si­cal presence—military bases, intel­li­gence net­works, embas­sies, and covert ope­ra­ti­ons. Today, howe­ver, digi­tal instru­ments are suf­fi­ci­ent to influence poli­ti­cal and eco­no­mic deve­lo­p­ments. For exam­p­le, an algo­rithm can shift the visi­bi­li­ty of social move­ments, a sanc­tions signal can free­ze finan­cial flows, a cloud access point can expo­se sta­te ope­ra­ti­ons, and an export ban can halt enti­re industries.

Thus, digi­tal depen­dence replaces tra­di­tio­nal intervention.

States who­se com­mu­ni­ca­ti­on runs through American plat­forms ope­ra­te in an envi­ron­ment who­se rules they do not set. Consequently, the United States indi­rect­ly deter­mi­nes which con­tent gains reach, which poli­ti­cal actors gain visi­bi­li­ty, and which nar­ra­ti­ves achie­ve inter­na­tio­nal reso­nan­ce. And when a country’s data is stored in U.S. clouds, Washington gains an infor­ma­tio­nal advan­ta­ge that once requi­red exten­si­ve intel­li­gence operations.

Therefore, tech­no­lo­gi­cal depen­dence crea­tes poli­ti­cal vulnerability.

States reli­ant on U.S. soft­ware, chips, AI, or secu­ri­ty stan­dards can be pres­su­red through export rest­ric­tions, update sus­pen­si­ons, or licen­se with­dra­wals. This form of power is quiet but far‑reaching: it wea­k­ens govern­ments see­king to pro­tect their resour­ces and streng­thens tho­se wil­ling to open their mar­kets. It also influen­ces resour­ce pri­ces through tra­ding algo­rith­ms and forces eco­no­mic­al­ly distres­sed sta­tes into agree­ments they would other­wi­se reject.

Ultimately, data does not replace resources—it is the instru­ment through which access to them is mana­ged. In this sen­se, tech­no­lo­gi­cal depen­dence beco­mes a modern form of geo­po­li­ti­cal con­trol: more effi­ci­ent, more fle­xi­ble, and more endu­ring than mili­ta­ry presence.

Control Over Resources 

The stra­te­gic importance of resour­ces has not dimi­nis­hed; howe­ver, the methods of secu­ring them have fun­da­men­tal­ly chan­ged. The United States no lon­ger reli­es on colo­ni­al struc­tures. Instead, it ope­ra­tes through a net­work of sanc­tions, bila­te­ral agree­ments, mili­ta­ry pre­sence, cor­po­ra­te part­ner­ships, and poli­ti­cal influence. Together, the­se instru­ments allow Washington to access cri­ti­cal resour­ces wit­hout exer­cis­ing ter­ri­to­ri­al control.

The Six Strategic Arenas of American Resource Policy

Venezuela—Oil as a Geopolitical Lever

U.S. poli­cy toward Venezuela com­bi­nes eco­no­mic sanc­tions, diplo­ma­tic iso­la­ti­on, and con­trol over inter­na­tio­nal pay­ment chan­nels. These mea­su­res acce­le­ra­te the country’s eco­no­mic col­lap­se and give Washington the levera­ge to res­ha­pe access to one of the world’s lar­gest oil reser­ves. Moreover, the invol­vement of Chevron, Exxon, and ConocoPhillips in poli­ti­cal dis­cus­sions shows how eco­no­mic and geo­po­li­ti­cal inte­rests converge.

Greenland—Rare Earths and Arctic Routes

Greenland’s importance stems from its rare‑earth depo­sits and its posi­ti­on along emer­ging Arctic trade rou­tes. The Thule Air Base, NATO’s stra­te­gic pos­tu­re, and the framing of China as a poten­ti­al thre­at crea­te con­di­ti­ons that enable the United States to expand its influence wit­hout for­mal control.

Africa—Lithium, Coltan, Cobalt

In Africa, the United States pur­sues a dual stra­tegy: it par­ti­ci­pa­tes eco­no­mic­al­ly in mining ope­ra­ti­ons while simul­ta­neous­ly deepe­ning secu­ri­ty coope­ra­ti­on with govern­ments. Loans, mili­ta­ry aid, and part­ner­ships func­tion as tools to secu­re access to cri­ti­cal mine­rals. At the same time, Washington attempts to coun­ter China’s domi­nan­ce in pro­ces­sing and refi­ning the­se mate­ri­als by pro­mo­ting alter­na­ti­ve sup­p­ly chains.

Pacific—Deep-Sea Mining and Maritime Resources

In the Pacific, the United States lever­a­ges the eco­no­mic depen­dence of small island sta­tes to gain access to deep‑sea metals and fishe­ries. Through inter­na­tio­nal insti­tu­ti­ons, bila­te­ral agree­ments, and mili­ta­ry pre­sence, Washington influen­ces licen­sing and regu­la­to­ry frame­works. Australia fre­quent­ly acts as a regio­nal inter­me­dia­ry for American interests.

Arctic—New Routes, New Resources

Climate chan­ge is ope­ning new ship­ping rou­tes and poten­ti­al resour­ce fields in the Arctic. In respon­se, the United States increa­ses its mili­ta­ry pre­sence, enga­ges in diplo­ma­tic nego­tia­ti­ons over ter­ri­to­ri­al claims, and expands sys­te­ma­tic geo­lo­gi­cal map­ping. These mea­su­res secu­re long‑term stra­te­gic opti­ons in a regi­on of gro­wing geo­po­li­ti­cal relevance.

Data—The Invisible Resource

Digital infra­struc­tures now func­tion as a resour­ce cate­go­ry of their own. Through plat­forms, cloud sys­tems, and tech­no­lo­gi­cal stan­dards, the United States shapes infor­ma­ti­on flows, sets regu­la­to­ry norms, and crea­tes depen­den­ci­es deeper than phy­si­cal sup­p­ly chains. As a result, data enables sur­veil­lan­ce, mar­ket stee­ring, and geo­po­li­ti­cal influence—forming the foun­da­ti­on of modern resour­ce policy.

Control Over Narratives 

Control over infor­ma­ti­on spaces has beco­me a cen­tral instru­ment of American power pro­jec­tion. In a glo­bal­ly net­work­ed public sphe­re, legi­ti­ma­cy depends not only on mili­ta­ry or eco­no­mic strength but also on the abili­ty to influence per­cep­ti­ons and frame poli­ti­cal events in real time. Digital plat­forms, media net­works, and algo­rith­mic sys­tems now func­tion as tools that acce­le­ra­te, mode­ra­te, or redi­rect poli­ti­cal dynamics.

Thus, nar­ra­ti­ves have beco­me geo­po­li­ti­cal instruments.

In Venezuela, the sys­te­ma­tic asso­cia­ti­on of poli­ti­cal actors with terms such as “drug traf­fi­cking” or “cor­rup­ti­on” shifts inter­na­tio­nal sup­port and under­mi­nes dome­stic sta­bi­li­ty. Delegitimization hap­pens not through mili­ta­ry pres­su­re but through the glo­bal repro­duc­tion of a spe­ci­fic inter­pre­ti­ve frame­work. Iran fur­ther illus­tra­tes the link bet­ween infor­ma­ti­on con­trol and poli­ti­cal sta­bi­li­ty. Internet shut­downs, cen­sor­ship, and frag­men­ted digi­tal spaces repre­sent respon­ses to pro­test move­ments who­se momen­tum is shaped by inter­na­tio­nal media, social net­works, and digi­tal acti­vists. The United States uses the­se infor­ma­ti­on spaces to ampli­fy pro­test nar­ra­ti­ves, increase diplo­ma­tic pres­su­re, and rest­rict the regime’s poli­ti­cal options.

The cur­rent U.S.–Iran escala­ti­on shows how modern power pro­jec­tion works: not through ter­ri­to­ri­al inter­ven­ti­on, but through eco­no­mic pres­su­re, digi­tal influence, and stra­te­gic com­mu­ni­ca­ti­on. Military thre­ats ser­ve less as instru­ments of escala­ti­on and more as tools of regio­nal balan­ce and deter­rence. Meanwhile, tariffs iso­la­te Iran’s eco­no­my, deter invest­ment, and limit its for­eign poli­cy maneu­vera­bi­li­ty. Cyber ope­ra­ti­ons, sup­port for oppo­si­ti­on groups, and the dis­rup­ti­on of sta­te net­works are open­ly dis­cus­sed, high­light­ing that infor­ma­ti­on spaces have beco­me cen­tral are­nas of geo­po­li­ti­cal com­pe­ti­ti­on. Iran inter­prets the­se deve­lo­p­ments as a form of infor­ma­ti­on war­fa­re desi­gned to influence poli­ti­cal pro­ces­ses wit­hout phy­si­cal presence.

Therefore, nar­ra­ti­ves are not secon­da­ry to geo­po­li­ti­cal con­flict; they are an inde­pen­dent instru­ment of power. They shape how events are inter­pre­ted, which actors gain legi­ti­ma­cy, and which poli­ti­cal decis­i­ons recei­ve inter­na­tio­nal accep­tance. In this logic, infor­ma­ti­on con­trol beco­mes a stra­te­gic fac­tor com­pa­ra­ble to eco­no­mic or mili­ta­ry measures.

The Misread Promise of American Power

As infor­ma­ti­on spaces incre­asing­ly shape geo­po­li­ti­cal out­co­mes, their influence beco­mes visi­ble in how sta­tes inter­pret glo­bal power shifts. This dyna­mic is espe­ci­al­ly clear in many eco­no­mic­al­ly fra­gi­le count­ries. What Trump is doing today is not per­cei­ved as a thre­at the­re, but rather as a poten­ti­al life­line. States strugg­ling with insta­bi­li­ty pro­ject their hopes onto the idea of a “gre­at” America, con­vin­ced that a stron­ger United States might enforce a more pre­dic­ta­ble or even more just inter­na­tio­nal order.

Consequently, sanc­tions, geo­po­li­ti­cal pres­su­re, or tough rhe­to­ric toward lar­ger regio­nal actors are often read as signs that a powerful actor might final­ly reba­lan­ce an unfair sys­tem. Yet in the end, “gre­at again” means only this: America sets the con­di­ti­ons, and ever­yo­ne else must adjust to them. Whether the very sta­tes that see hope and jus­ti­ce in this pro­mi­se tru­ly want the con­se­quen­ces of such power is an enti­re­ly dif­fe­rent ques­ti­on. Greenland cer­tain­ly does not.

Explore more ana­ly­ses in our Hidden Geopolitics cate­go­ry.